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Julian the Apostate
Julianus Apostata: emperor of the Roman world (r. 360-363).
Names:
- May 331: Flavius Julianus
- 6 November 355: Flavius Julianus Caesar
- February 360: Flavius Claudius Julianus Augustus
- 26 June 363: killed in action
nickname: Apostata ("the apostate")
Successor of: Constantius II
Relatives:
- father: Julius Constantius
- mother: Basilina
- wife: Helena
Main deeds
- Youth spent in Macellum (Cappadocia)
- 349 To Constantinople; later studies in Nicomedia with Libanius, in Pergamon, Ephesus
- 355, Spring: Studies in Athens
- 355, 6 November: Julianus appointed as caesar
- 356 Consul (with Constantius II consul VIII); Julian liberates Cologne; war against the Alamans
- 357 Consul II (with Constantius II consul IX); Constantius' state visit to Rome;
- Julian defeats the Alamans near Argentoratum (modern Strasbourg) and campaigns beyond the Rhine
- 358 Constantius successfully campaigns against the Sarmatians, Quadi, and Limigantes; Barbatio repels an attack of the Juthungi on Raetia; Julian attacks the Franks along the Meuse
- 359 Julian again across the Rhine; fall of Barbatio; Constantius' second campaign against the Limigantes; the Sasanian king Shapur II captures Amida; Constantius to the east; treason trials
- 360 Consul III (with Constantius II consul X); Julian proclaimed emperor in Lutetia, attacks the Franks, visits Vienne, accepts the titles Germanicus maximus, Alamannicus maximus, Francicus maximus, and Sarmaticus maximus
- 361 Constantius in Mesopotamia, prepares war against Julian; dies during his march to the west; Julian sole ruler; enters Constantinople, confesses his pagan beliefs; First Edict of Religious Tolerance; publishes his Hymn to Helios, Hymn to the Mother of the gods, Against the Galileans, Caesares
- 362 Julian to Antioch; publishes Misopogon
- 362, 17 June: Edict on Teaching (against the Christians)
- 363 Consul IV (with Flavius Sallustius); leaves Alexandria to fight against the Persians; invades Mesopotamia, reaches Ctesiphon,
- 363, 26 June: defeated and killed
With the death of Julian, the dynasty founded by Constantius I Chlorus came to an end.
Buildings: Ankara, Column of Julian
Contemporary events:
- 361 Bishops Georgios returns to Alexandria, where he is lynched
- 362 Athanasius returns to Alexandria, and forced to flee; fire in the temple of Apollo in Daphne (near Antioch); martyrdom of Dorotheus of Tyre; persecution of Christians in Baalbek
- 363 Attempt to rebuild the Jewish temple of Jerusalem; fire in the temple of Apollo on the Palatine
Succeeded by: Jovian